Founded in 1861 in response to the increasing industrialization of the United States, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 97 Nobel laureates, 26 Turing Award winners, and 8 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT as alumni, faculty members, or researchers. In addition, 58 National Medal of Science recipients, 29 National Medals of Technology and Innovation recipients, 50 MacArthur Fellows, 73 Marshall Scholars, 41 astronauts, and 16 Chief Scientists of the U.S. Air Force have been affiliated with the university. MIT is excellently placed as the best university in the world by QS World University Rankings, 2nd by U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, 4th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities and 5th by Times Higher Education World University Rankings.